A Scientific Perspective
Candidiasis in pets, characterized by an overgrowth of Candida yeast, is a complex condition that is often misunderstood and mismanaged. Candida is a normal part of the microbial ecosystem in pets, but overgrowth can occur when there are underlying imbalances in the body – dietary or hormone deficiencies or excess and disruptions in the microbiome. Common approaches to addressing yeast infections tend to focus narrowly on eliminating Candida through antifungal treatments or restrictive diets. This approach does not seek to resolve the imbalances that create a favorable environment for yeast proliferation, thus increasing the risk of repeated recurrence.
High-quality fermented and cultured foods offer numerous benefits in combating Candida yeast. This document explains common associated imbalances and how Solutions Pet Products can help enhance nutrient absorption, rebalance the microbiome, and introduce beneficial and competitive yeasts and bacteria to help address the underlying issues that allow Candida to overgrow.
Root Causes of Candidiasis
Candida species are commensal organisms residing in the mucosal surfaces of animals. Overgrowth leading to candidiasis is often precipitated by underlying factors. Treating Candida yeast directly does not influence or resolve the imbalances that created an internal environment that allowed its proliferation.
Common Root Causes of Candida Yeast:
· Iron Excess – Excess iron can promote Candida growth, as the yeast utilizes iron for metabolic processes. Conversely, controlled iron intake and metabolism helps restrict its proliferation.(10) Imbalances in iron can be caused by dietary toxicity (the use of synthetic isolate minerals in feed), over-supplementation, insufficient methylation (often coinciding with systemic inflammation), ingestion of iron-based fertilizers, copper toxicosis, hepatic disease, hemolytic anemia or blood transfusion, impaired gut microbiota, deficiency of iron-binding proteins, and anemia/hypoferremia (in many cases of blood anemia, the body increases hepcidin production, a regulatory hormone, to sequester iron in tissues and limit its availability to pathogens. This creates a paradox of low blood iron with excessive tissue iron, impairing the conversion to usable heme iron).
Solutions Pet Products does not use synthetic supplements and contains dietary methyl donors and natural sources of Vitamin C to support proper iron metabolism. Solutions diets contain 17-32mg of iron per 1,000kcals. The suggested level is 10mg per 1,000kcals for adults or 22mg for puppies, pregnant, and lactating pets.
· Zinc Deficiency – Zinc supports immune function, including antifungal activity. A deficiency can impair the immune system’s ability to suppress Candida.(11) Zinc deficiency can occur in response to poor quality zinc sources in the diet (including supplemental zinc supplements in foods), excessive calcium intake, high phytate content in grain-containing and grain-free foods*, excessive iron or copper, low-fat diets, zinc-responsive dermatosis (type I and type II), IBD, chronic malabsorption, parasites, stress or inflammation, liver or kidney disease, prolonged dermatological conditions that deplete zinc stores due to increased cellular turnover and immune activation, corticosteroid use, antibiotics or chelating agents, rapid growth or high-performance demands, soil zinc deficiency in DIY diets, or contaminated water.
Solutions Pet Products diets contain numerous ingredients that support and improve digestion and reduce intestinal inflammation including gelatin, raw sheep’s milk, fermented ginger, and fresh sprouted chia seeds. Solutions diets contain 20-22mg of zinc per 1,000kcals. The suggested level is 20mg per 1,000kcals for adults and 25mg for puppies, pregnant and lactating. NOTE: Regulators suggest significantly higher levels of synthetic zinc than nature provides – this compensates for poor absorption of the mineral in high-heat processed diets.
· Magnesium Deficiency – Magnesium is essential for maintaining the integrity of the immune system and metabolic function. Deficiencies can create a favorable environment for Candida.(12) Tissue magnesium imbalances are extremely common in dogs. Statistical analysis of hundreds+ HTMA reports show that the majority of dogs have adrenal hormone uptake imbalances, leading to imbalances in tissue calcium and magnesium. Magnesium deficiency can be caused by elevated adrenal hormone production/uptake (including Cushing’s), hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency, Diabetes mellitus, stress, and heavy metal toxicity.
Solutions Pet Products 1:1 ketogenic, fermented diets support stable hormone levels by providing essential building blocks for hormone production and improving magnesium modulation through enhanced nutrient absorption and the synergistic effects of beneficial bacteria and fats on cellular function.
· Copper Deficiency or Excess – Imbalances in copper can disrupt immune defense and oxidative stress pathways, facilitating fungal overgrowth.(13) Copper imbalances can be caused by dietary excess (particularly in synthetically supplemented pet foods and supplements), contaminated water (copper pipes), genetic predisposition, hepatitis, clogged liver or gallbladder ducts, ingestion of pesticides/fertilizers/
Solutions Pet Products diets are formulated with low copper levels but enhanced absorption and abundant methyl donors to support proper copper metabolism, reducing the risk of imbalances while maintaining optimal copper metabolism. Solutions diets contain 1.9-3.6mg of copper per 1,000kcals. The suggested level is 1.83mg for adults and 3.1mg for puppies, pregnant, and lactating dogs – this is also overinflated to account for poor absorption in high-heat processed foods.
· Arginine Excess (~>6g/1,000kcals) – Candida can utilize arginine to enhance its virulence by inducing hyphal formation, a key pathogenic trait.(14) Arginine excess can be caused by improperly balanced amino acid supplements, improperly formulated diets, liver dysfunction, and rare metabolic disorders that cause ineffective ammonia detoxification.
Solutions diets contain an average arginine level of 4.9g or arginine per 1,000 kcals.
· Glutamine Excess (~>10g/1,000kcals) – High glutamine levels can fuel Candida’s growth and pathogenicity.(15) Glutamine excess can be caused by over-supplementation, certain medications for GI support and inflammatory conditions, rare genetic or metabolic disorders, mitochondrial diseases, and chronic stress (including stress from chronic infection or cancer.)
Solutions diets contain an average of 8.6g of glutamic acid per 1,000 kcals.
· Tryptophan Deficiency (~>1.5g/1,000kcals) – Tryptophan deficiency impairs serotonin pathways and immune response, indirectly allowing fungal proliferation.(16) Tryptophan deficiency can be caused by low protein or poor quality protein intake, excessive intake of other amino acids (e.g., BCAA’s), malabsorption, chronic illness/stress, and genetic predisposition.
Solutions diets contain an average of 0.8g of tryptophan per 1,000 kcals.
· Vitamin D Deficiency – Vitamin D regulates immune responses, including antifungal defenses. Deficiency weakens the immune system, making it harder to control Candida.(17) Vitamin D deficiency can be caused by insufficient dietary intake, vegan/vegetarian diets, malabsorption (IBD, EPI, chronic diarrhea, etc), liver or kidney disorders, rapid growth, hypo/hyperparathyroidism, Cushing’s disease, Diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease, and Vitamin D resistance syndromes.
Solutions diets contain 500-650iu of Vitamin D per 1,000kcals. The suggested regulatory range is 125-750iu.
· Vitamin C Deficiency – Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant that supports immune function and microbiome balance. Low levels may impair immune defenses.(18) Vitamin C deficiency is very common in dogs, according to statistical analysis of HTMA data. This is likely in response to increased demand caused by early spay/neuter, physical and emotional stress, chronic inflammation, viral/bacterial/fungal infection, as well as liver dysfunction, chronic illness, poor diet, age, toxins or environmental factors, and rare metabolic conditions that interfere with glucose utilization thus negatively impacting the synthesis of Vitamin C.
Solutions diets contain 32-60mg of Vitamin C per 1,000kcals. Although there is no regulatory requirement for dietary Vitamin C in dogs or cats, Solutions recognizes its vital role in supporting proper mineral metabolism, immune health, and hormone balance. This requirement is confirmed by statistical data from HTMA analysis. Our diets are meticulously designed to meet the increased needs of pets living in today’s modern environment, especially those that are spayed or neutered.
· Vitamin B12 Deficiency – B12 is essential for cellular energy and immune function. Deficiency can lead to gut microbiome imbalances, favoring Candida.(19) Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by EPI, IBD, SIBO, dietary deficiency, poor methylation capacity, genetic predisposition, liver disease, intestinal parasites, GI cancer, chronic kidney disease, and vegan/vegetarian or low protein diets.
Solutions diets contain 0.03-0.08mg of Vitamin B12 per 1,000kcals. The suggested level is 0.01mg.
· Excess Omega 6 Fatty Acids (Imbalance with Omega 3) – High omega-6 levels promote inflammation, which Candida can exploit to disrupt the microbiome and overgrow.(20) High-heat processed foods allow ratios of 30:1 Omega 6 to Omega 3, largely because a primary source of fat in kibble and canned pet food is Used Restaurant Fryer Grease, aka “Yellow Grease.” (27, 28) Additional supplementation with high PUFA oils such as sunflower or safflower oil, processed meats, fried foods, treats cooked in vegetable oils, obesity, inflammatory diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, lack of exercise, and genetic predisposition can cause this imbalance.
Solutions diets average a 1.4:1 – 2.5:1 ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3. The suggested limit is 30:1.
· Low Medium-Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA) Intake – MCFAs, found in raw goat milk and coconut oil, have direct antifungal properties. Low levels can reduce the body’s ability to combat fungal overgrowth.(21) This can be caused by low-fat diets, improperly balanced DIY diets, poor-quality commercial diets, malabsorption disorders, chronic stress, parasites, overdependence on Long-Chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs), aging, and long-term exposure to extreme temperatures.
Solutions diets use sheep milk (and butter in the chicken diet) to ensure adequate intake of MCFAs)
· Low Levels of Antifungal Terpenes – Terpenes like eugenol (found in clove oil) and thymol (found in thyme) exhibit antifungal properties. Dietary absence of such compounds can weaken natural defenses.(22) Terpenes are naturally occurring in many foods and can be concentrated in the form of essential oils. Terpenes that combat Candida yeast include Limonene, Geraniol, Thymol, Carvacrol, Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole), Terpineol, Bisabolol, Farnesol, Caryophyllene, Humulene, Andrographolide, Forskolin, Betulinic Acid, Lupeol, Sabinene, Alpha-Pinene, and Linalool.
Solutions contains numerous ingredients with valuable antifungal terpenes including fermented organic ginger (zingiberene, beta-sesquiphellandrene, camphene, alpha-pinene), organic parsley (myristicin, beta-pinene, limonene), organic kale (limonene, beta-carotene), organic okra (linalool, alpha-terpineol), fermented cod liver (squalene), and organic kelp (phlorotannins, fucosterol).
· Deficiency of Quercetin – Quercetin stabilizes the gut barrier, reduces inflammation, and suppresses Candida overgrowth.(23)Quercetin can be found in apples (with the skin), oranges, lemons, grapefruit, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries, elderberries, sour cherries, plums, garlic, kale, spinach, broccoli, asparagus, peppers, chickpeas, cilantro, buckwheat berries, quinoa, green tea, almonds, walnuts, and other foods.
Quercetin is found in Solutions diets in the organic kale, organic parsley, organic kelp, raw sheep’s milk, and fermented okra. Fermentation increases the bioavailability of quercetin.
· Low Levels of Apigenin and Luteolin – These flavonoids inhibit fungal virulence and biofilm formation. Dietary insufficiency can exacerbate Candida infections.(24)
In Solutions diets, organic parsley is one of the richest sources of apigenin. It is also found in organic kale and fermented okra.
Parsley is also a notable source of luteolin, as are organic kale and fermented okra.
· Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) Deficiency – SCFAs produced by fermentation in the gut inhibit Candida proliferation. Low SCFA levels due to poor diet can allow overgrowth.(25) Short-chain fatty acids are found in artichokes, asparagus, broccoli, brussels sprouts, carrots, garlic, apples (with skin) berries, pears, kiwi, oats, quinoa, chickpeas, almonds, chia seeds, and dandelion.
o Microbiome Dysbiosis: An imbalance in the gut microbiota diminishes competitive inhibition, allowing Candida species to thrive.
· Prebiotic Deficiency – Lack of prebiotic fibers (e.g., inulin) reduces beneficial bacteria that naturally suppress Candida.(26)
Solutions diets are rich in prebiotics and fermentable fibers from organic kale, organic parsley, fermented okra, organic kelp, organic ginger, and raw sheep’s milk. Fermentation (Solutions duck eggs, cod liver, okra, and ginger) enhances the availability of prebiotic compounds and supports a synergistic relationship between prebiotics and probiotics.
· Probiotic Deficiency – Probiotics and enzymes are essential for combating yeast overgrowth in pets by promoting a balanced gut microbiome and aiding digestion. Probiotics replenish beneficial bacteria that outcompete yeast, while enzymes help break down yeast cell walls and reduce the fungal load in the body.
Solutions diets contain a higher probiotic content than most raw foods = Solutions is better at competing with and combating yeast. The fermented ingredients contribute lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus acidophilus, pediococcus pentosaceus and other species., lactobacillus casei, enterococcus spp., lactobacillus brevis, and bifidobacterium spp. If Solutions recipes were made without ferments or cultures, 100g of the recipe would contain ~103 – 104 CFU/g. The fermented/cultured recipe contains ~107 – 109 CFU/g – around a 100,000x increase in probiotic concentration per gram in the fermented diet.
Why Fermented and Cultured Foods Are Better
Fermented and cultured foods are superior to a normal raw diet for providing probiotics and enzymes because they are naturally rich in live, active bacterial cultures and pre-digested nutrients. Fermentation enhances the bioavailability of enzymes, making it easier for the pet to utilize them for breaking down yeast and other undesirable substances. Additionally, fermented foods deliver a diverse array of beneficial microbes in their most active form, far surpassing the levels found in unfermented raw ingredients, which lack this natural microbial and enzymatic enhancement.
Solutions Pet Products are designed to go beyond simply being complete and balanced; they prioritize proper nutrient ratios and sub-nutrients to optimize absorption, support hormone balance, and harness the full power of nature’s complexity. By including nutrients that remain unidentified or not fully understood by science, Solutions draws from nature’s wisdom rather than relying on unresearched or potentially dangerous synthetic approaches.
For example, while the value of pharmaceuticals and herbs is well-documented, research on their metabolic clearance pathways is still extraordinarily limited. This suggests that there are likely countless nutrients and interactions in nature that humans have yet to discover. Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis (HTMA) data from ParsleyPet(.com) provided by pet owners reveal that the use of synthetic, isolated nutrients (e.g., zinc sulfate, iron proteinate, manganese amino acid chelate) increases the risk of toxicity and raises the risk of nutritional deficiencies by 34%. This is because vitamins, minerals, and amino acids work synergistically with prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, enzymes, terpenes, flavonoids, and other natural compounds to ensure proper absorption and utilization in the body.
Solutions diets are formulated as low-ratio ketogenic diets, which are more effective at supporting hormone balance and offer enhanced protection against pathogens and yeast overgrowth. Additionally, the inclusion of fermented and cultured ingredients introduces beneficial bacteria and yeast that directly combat harmful yeast and pathogens, while strengthening the immune system for overall better health.
Fermented Foods and Their Impact on Nutritional Balance
Fermented foods are rich in bioavailable nutrients and beneficial microorganisms, contributing to:
o Enhanced Nutrient Absorption – Fermentation breaks down complex compounds, increasing the bioavailability of essential nutrients. For instance, fermented gelatin provides easily digestible amino acids, supporting tissue repair and immune function.
o Provision of Bioactive Compounds – Fermentation processes can increase the concentration of bioactive compounds such as terpenes and flavonoids, which possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Modulation of the Microbiome Through Fermented Foods
Incorporating fermented foods into a pet’s diet can positively influence gut microbiota by:
o Introducing Probiotic Strains – Fermented products like Solutions Tummy Butter raw goat milk Kefir Tea contains beneficial bacteria and yeasts that compete with pathogenic organisms, including Candida. Studies have demonstrated that kefir exhibits inhibitory effects against Candida albicans, suggesting its potential role in managing fungal overgrowth.
o Restoring Microbial Balance – Regular consumption of fermented foods helps reestablish a healthy microbial ecosystem, enhancing the gut’s natural defense mechanisms against opportunistic pathogens.
High-Fat Diets and Their Role in Managing Candidiasis
Diets with higher fat content, such as those with a 1:1 ketogenic ratio, may benefit pets with yeast overgrowth by:
o Reducing Carbohydrate Availability – Lower carbohydrate intake limits the primary energy source for Candida, thus inhibiting its growth. A low-ratio ketogenic diet can help the body protect itself from pathogens and yeasts by creating a metabolic environment that limits the availability of glucose, which many pathogens and yeasts rely on for growth, while providing fats that enhance cellular energy and immune resilience.
o Modulating Immune Responses – Ketogenic diets have been shown to influence immune function, potentially enhancing the body’s ability to combat fungal infections.
Addressing Concerns About Fermented Foods in Yeasty Pets
While some practitioners express concerns regarding fermented foods exacerbating yeast issues, scientific evidence indicates that:
o Controlled Fermentation Is Beneficial – Properly fermented foods introduce beneficial microorganisms that can outcompete pathogenic yeasts. For example, Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast found in some fermented products, has been used to treat Candida infections (8)
o Quality and Source Matter – Selecting high-quality, appropriately fermented products ensures the introduction of beneficial microbes without unwanted contaminants. Solutions fermentation process ensures proper time and temperature are used for optimal results. Additionally, Solutions is meticulous to ensure that salt levels are appropriate and optimal for proper cellular osmosis.
Incorporating fermented foods into a pet’s diet offers a multifaceted approach to managing candidiasis by addressing nutritional deficiencies, restoring microbiome balance, and potentially inhibiting Candida overgrowth. Scientific evidence supports the safety and efficacy of fermented foods in this context, provided they are introduced appropriately and sourced from reputable producers. Veterinarians are encouraged to consider the potential benefits of fermented foods as part of a comprehensive strategy for managing yeast-related health issues in pets.
*Phytic Acid content in feed – Paws For Change funded the Know Your Pet Food Initiative which tested phytic acid levels in 5 popular kibble products. The results showed the phytic acid anti-nutrient levels average the same in grain-containing and grain-free products. Grain-containing = 5.1% average phytic content. Grain-free = 5.65% average phytic acid content.
Purina Pro Plan Chicken & Rice (grain-containing) – 5,566mg of phytic acid per 100g (5.6%)
Royal Canin W/D (grain-containing) – 3,837mg of phytic acid per 100g (3.8%)
Taste of the Wild Pacific Stream (grain-free) – 5,014mg of phytic acid per 100g (5%)
Natural Balance Sweet Potato & Fish (grain-free) – 6,289mg of phytic acid per 100g (6.3%)
Vdog Vegan (grain-containing) -5,898mg of phytic acid per 100g (5.9%)
Solutions Pet Products diets contain <3mg of phytic acid per 100g
References:
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